Anal Cancer Signs, Symptoms and Types

At Banner MD Anderson Cancer Center, our patient-focused approach supports every aspect of your care. If you're experiencing symptoms or are concerned about risk factors, make an appointment to talk with your doctor.

What are the signs and symptoms of anal cancer?

Anal cancer may not cause symptoms at first. However, the earliest sign for many people is anal bleeding. This is usually minor and may only occur during a bowel movement. Many people assume the bleeding is caused by hemorrhoids - swollen, painful veins in the anus and rectum - which are common and benign.

In addition to bleeding, other symptoms of anal cancer can include:

• Itching around the anus
• A lump or mass at the anal opening
• Pain or a feeling of fullness in the anal area
• Changes in bowel movements
• Abnormal discharge from the anus
• Loss of bowel control
• Swollen lymph nodes in the anal or groin areas

These symptoms are more commonly caused by non-cancerous conditions such as hemorrhoids, anal fissures or anal warts. However, more than 50% of anal cancer diagnoses are made after the cancer has spread beyond its original site. This is often due to symptoms being mistaken for benign conditions or because people may feel embarrassed about seeking care.

If you experience any of these symptoms, don't delay - talk to your doctor. Early detection improves treatment outcomes. 

What are the different types of anal cancer?

There are four main types of anal cancer:

• Squamous cell cancer: The most commontype of anal cancer, forming in the cells that line the anus. About 90% of all anal cancer cases are squamous cell carcinoma.
• Carcinoma in situ: An early stage of anal cancer or precancerous cells where abnormal cells are only present in the surface layers of the anal canal. Also called Bowen’s disease.
• Adenocarcinoma: A rarer form that develops in the mucus-producing glands around the anus.
• Skin cancer (basal cell carcinoma or melanoma): These can occur on the skin around the anus and are often diagnosed at more advanced stages.

Your treatment will depend on the anal cancer type and stage. Learn more about anal cancer treatment.

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